1. Chii chinonzi apolymerkugadzirisa rubatsiro? Basa rayo nderei?
Mhinduro: Zviwedzerwa makemikari akasiyana-siyana anobatsira anoda kuwedzerwa kune zvimwe zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa mukugadzira kana kugadzirisa maitiro ekuvandudza maitiro ekugadzira uye kuwedzera mashandiro echigadzirwa. Mukuita kwekugadzirisa resin uye rabha yakasvibirira mupurasitiki uye zvigadzirwa zverabha, makemikari ekuwedzera akasiyana anodiwa.
Basa: ① Kuvandudza maitiro ekuita kwemapolymers, gadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa, uye tumira mashandiro ekugadzirisa; ② Kuvandudza mashandiro ezvigadzirwa, wedzera kukosha kwazvo uye hupenyu hurefu.
2.Ndeipi kuwirirana pakati pezvinowedzera uye mapolymers? Kupfapfaidza nekudikitira zvinorevei?
Mhinduro: Pfayira polymerization - kunaya kwezvinowedzera zvakasimba; Kudikitira - kunaya kwemvura yekuwedzera.
Iko kuenderana pakati pezvinowedzera uye mapolymers zvinoreva kugona kwezvinowedzera uye mapolymers kusanganiswa zvakafanana kwenguva yakareba pasina kuburitsa chikamu chekuparadzaniswa uye kunaya;
3.Ndeipi basa replasticizers?
Mhinduro: Kuderedza zvisungo zvechipiri pakati pepolymer molecules, inozivikanwa sevan der Waals forces, inowedzera kufamba kwemaketani epolymer uye inoderedza crystallinity yavo.
4.Sei polystyrene ine nani oxidation resistance pane polypropylene?
Mhinduro: H isina kugadzikana inotsiviwa neboka guru re phenyl, uye chikonzero nei PS isingatani kukwegura ndeyokuti mhete ye benzene ine simba rekudzivirira paH; PP ine tertiary hydrogen uye inowanzochembera.
5.Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekupisa kwePVC kusina kugadzikana?
Mhinduro: ① The molecular chain structure ine initiator residues uye allyl chloride, iyo inomutsa mapoka anoshanda. Boka rekupedzisira kaviri chisungo chinoderedza kugadzikana kwekupisa; ② Kufuridzirwa kweokisijeni kunowedzera kubviswa kweHCL panguva yekupisa kwePVC; ③ Iyo HCl inogadzirwa nekuita ine catalytic mhedzisiro pakudzikira kwePVC; ④ Kupesvedzera kweplasticizer dosage.
6. Kubva pamigumisiro yekutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano, ndeapi mabasa makuru ekugadzirisa kupisa?
Mhinduro: ① Bvunza uye usarerekera HCL, inhibit yayo otomatiki catalytic mhedzisiro; ② Kutsiva asina kugadzikana allyl chloride maatomu muPVC mamorekuru kudzivirira kutorwa kweHCl; ③ Kuwedzera maitiro ane polyene zvimiro zvinokanganisa kuumbwa kwemahombe conjugated masisitimu uye kuderedza ruvara; ④ Bata emahara radicals uye kudzivirira oxidation maitiro; ⑤ Neutralization kana passivation yesimbi ions kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinokonzeresa kudzikira; ⑥ Iyo ine inodzivirira, inodzivirira, uye inonetesa mhedzisiro paultraviolet mwaranzi.
7.Sei ultraviolet mwaranzi ndiyo inonyanya kuparadza mapolymers?
Mhinduro: Mafungu eUltraviolet akareba uye ane simba, achipwanya akawanda epolymer kemikari zvisungo.
8. Imhando ipi yesynergistic system iyo intumescent flame retardant ndeyerudzii, uye chii chiri musimboti wayo uye basa?
Mhinduro: Intumescent flame retardants ndeye phosphorus nitrogen synergistic system.
Mechanism: Kana iyo polymer ine murazvo wemoto ichipisa, yunifomu yekabhoni foam inogona kuumbwa pamusoro payo. Iyo layer ine yakanaka kudzoreredza murazvo nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo kupisa, kuparadzaniswa kweokisijeni, kudzvinyirira chiutsi uye kudzivirira kudonha.
9. Indekisi yeokisijeni chii, uye indekisi yeokisijeni yakabatana papi nemirazvo yomoto?
Mhinduro: OI = O2 / (O2 N2) x 100%, apo O2 ndiyo chiyero chekuyerera kweokisijeni; N2: Kuyerera kwenitrogen. Indekisi yeokisijeni inoreva hushoma hwevhoriyamu muzana yeokisijeni inodiwa munitrogen musanganiswa wemhepo inoyerera apo imwe yemhando sample inogona kuramba ichibvira uye zvishoma nezvishoma sekenduru. OI <21 inobvira, OI iri 22-25 ine self extinguishing properties, 26-27 inonetsa kubatidza, uye pamusoro pe28 yakaoma zvikuru kubatidza.
10.Ko iyo antimony halide flame retardant system inoratidza sei synergistic mhedzisiro?
Mhinduro: Sb2O3 inowanzoshandiswa kune antimony, nepo organic halides inowanzoshandiswa kune halides. Sb2O3 / machine inoshandiswa ne halides kunyanya nekuda kwekubatana kwayo ne hydrogen halide inobudiswa ne halides.
Uye chigadzirwa chacho chakasvibiswa nemoto mu SbCl3, inova gasi rinoputika rine nzvimbo yakaderera yekuvira. Iri gasi rine hukama hwepamusoro uye rinogona kugara munzvimbo yekupisa kwenguva yakareba kuti rinyungudze magasi anopfuta, kutsaura mweya, uye kuita basa mukuvharira olefins; Chechipiri, inogona kubata anopisa emahara radicals kudzvanya marimi. Mukuwedzera, SbCl3 inonyunguduka kuita madonhwe sezvimedu zvakasimba pamusoro pemurazvo, uye madziro ayo mhedzisiro inoparadzira huwandu hukuru hwekupisa, kudzikira kana kumisa kumhanya kwekupisa. Kazhinji kutaura, chiyero che3: 1 chinonyanya kukodzera chlorine kune maatomu esimbi.
11. Maererano nekutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano, ndeapi maitiro ekuita kwevanopisa moto?
Mhinduro: ① Zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvezvinodzosa moto patembiricha yekupisa zvinogadzira isingachinjiki uye isina oxidizing girazi rakatetepa firimu, rinogona kupatsanura simba rinoratidzira mhepo kana kuve nekushomeka kwekupisa.
② Zvidzoreso zvemoto zvinopinda mukuwora kwekupisa kuti zvibudise magasi asingabatiki, nokudaro achidzikisa magasi anopisa uye kuderedza kuwanda kweokisijeni munzvimbo inopisa; ③ Kunyungudika nekuparara kwezvinodzoreredza murazvo zvinotora kupisa uye zvinopedza kupisa;
④ Zvidzoreso zvemoto zvinokurudzira kuumbwa kweporous thermal insulation layer pamusoro pemapurasitiki, kudzivirira kupisa uye kuwedzera kupisa.
12.Sei mapurasitiki akatarisana nemagetsi akasimba panguva yekugadzira kana kushandiswa?
Mhinduro: Nekuda kwekuti maketani emamorekuru epolymer anonyanya kuumbwa necovalent bond, haakwanise ionize kana kutamisa maerekitironi. Munguva yekugadziriswa nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvayo, kana zvasvika pakusangana uye kupokana nezvimwe zvinhu kana pachayo, inobhadhariswa nekuda kwekuwana kana kurasikirwa kwema electrons, uye zvakaoma kunyangarika kuburikidza nekuzviitisa.
13. Ndeapi maitiro eiyo molecular structure ye antistatic agents?
Mhinduro: RYX R: oleophilic boka, Y: linker group, X: hydrophilic group. Mumamorekuru avo, panofanirwa kuve nechiyero chakakodzera pakati peboka risiri-polar oleophilic neboka repolar hydrophilic, uye vanofanirwa kuve nekumwe kuenderana nezvinhu zvepolymer. Mapoka eAlkyl ari pamusoro peC12 ndiwo akajairika mapoka eoleophilic, nepo hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, uye ether bonds ndiwo anowanzo hydrophilic mapoka.
14. Rondedzera muchidimbu nzira yekuita kwevanopesana ne-static agents.
Mhinduro: Chekutanga, anti-static agents vanogadzira conductive inoenderera firimu pamusoro pechinhu, iyo inogona kupa pamusoro pechigadzirwa neimwe dhigirii ye hygroscopicity uye ionization, nekudaro ichidzikisa kusimba kwepasi uye kukonzeresa inogadzirwa static charges kukurumidza. kuvuza, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa cheanti-static; Yechipiri ndeyekupa iyo nzvimbo yepasi neimwe dhigirii yekuzora, kuderedza friction coefficient, uye nekudaro kudzvanya uye kudzikisa chizvarwa chekuchaja static.
① External anti-static agents anowanzo shandiswa sezvinonyungudutsa kana zvinoparadzira nemvura, doro, kana zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa. Paunenge uchishandisa anti-static agents kupfekedza zvinhu zvepolymer, iyo hydrophilic chikamu cheiyo anti-static agent inonyatso adsorb pamusoro pechinhu chacho, uye chikamu chehydrophilic chinotora mvura kubva mumhepo, nekudaro ichigadzira conductive layer pamusoro pechinhu. , iyo inobata basa mukubvisa static magetsi;
② Yemukati anti-static agent inosanganiswa mune yepolymer matrix panguva yekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, uye yobva yatamira pamusoro pepolymer kuti iite basa rinopesana nestatic;
③ Polymer yakasanganiswa zvachose anti-static agent inzira yekusanganisa zvakafanana mahydrophilic mapolymer kuita polima kugadzira nzira dzinofambisa dzinoitisa uye kuburitsa static charges.
15.Ndeipi shanduko inowanzoitika muchimiro uye zvimiro zverabha mushure mekuputika?
Mhinduro: ① Iyo vulcanized rabha yashanduka kubva kune mutsara chimiro kuenda kune matatu-dimensional network chimiro; ② Kupisa hakuchayerera; ③ Haichanyungudika mukunyungudika kwayo kwakanaka; ④ Yakavandudzwa modulus uye kuoma; ⑤ Kuvandudzwa kwemichina; ⑥ Kuvandudza kuchembera kuramba uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari; ⑦ Kuita kwepakati kunogona kuderera.
16. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pesarufa sarufa nesarufa donor sulfide?
Mhinduro: ① Sulfur vulcanization: Multiple sulfur bonds, heat resistance, kuchembera kushoma, kuchinjika kwakanaka, uye deformation yakakura isingaperi; ② Sulfur donor: Multiple single sulfur bonds, yakanaka kupisa kupisa uye kuramba kuchembera.
17. Mutsigiri wevulcanization anoita sei?
Mhinduro: Kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zverabha, kuderedza mitengo, uye kugadzirisa mashandiro. Zvinhu zvinogona kukurudzira vulcanization. Inogona kupfupisa iyo vulcanization nguva, kudzikisa tembiricha ye vulcanization, kuderedza huwandu hwehulcanizing agent, uye kugadzirisa muviri uye mekiniki zvimiro zverabha.
18. Burn phenomenon: inoreva chiitiko chekutanga vulcanization yerubha zvinhu panguva yekugadzirisa.
19. Rondedzera muchidimbu basa uye mhando huru dzevamiririri vevulcanizing
Mhinduro: Basa reiyo activator ndere kusimudzira basa reiyo accelerator, kuderedza dosi ye accelerator, uye kupfupisa vulcanization nguva.
Active agent: chinhu chinogona kuwedzera chiitiko cheorganic accelerators, chichivabvumira kuita zvizere kushanda kwavo, nekudaro kuderedza huwandu hweanomhanyisa anoshandiswa kana kupfupisa nguva yevulcanization. Active agents anowanzo kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: inorganic active agents uye organic active agents. Inorganic surfactants inonyanya kusanganisira metal oxides, hydroxides, uye basic carbonates; Organic surfactants kunyanya zvinosanganisira fatty acids, amines, sipo, polyols, uye amino alcohols. Kuwedzera hushoma hwe activator kune yerubha komboni inogona kuvandudza vulcanization degree yayo.
1) Inorganic inoshanda vamiririri: kunyanya simbi oxides;
2) Organic active agents: kunyanya mafuta acids.
Chenjerera: ① ZnO inogona kushandiswa sesimbi oxide vulcanizing mumiriri kune crosslink halogenated rabha; ② ZnO inogona kuvandudza kupisa kwekudzivirira kwerabha ine vulcanized.
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Mhinduro: Pazasi tembiricha vulcanization, hazvizokonzeri vulcanization yekutanga. Kana tembiricha yevulcanization yasvikwa, chiitiko chevulcanization chakakwira, uye ichi chivakwa chinodaidzwa kuti post effect yeaccelerator. Sulfonamides ine yakanaka post effects.
21. Tsanangudzo yemafuta uye misiyano pakati pemafuta emukati neekunze?
Mhinduro: Lubricant - chinowedzera chinogona kuvandudza kukweshera uye kunamatira pakati pepurasitiki zvidimbu uye pakati pekunyunguduka uye simbi pamusoro pemidziyo yekugadzirisa, kuwedzera fluidity resin, kuwana inogadziriswa resin plasticization nguva, uye kuchengetedza inoenderera kugadzirwa, inonzi lubricant.
Mafuta ekunze anogona kuwedzera lubricity yepasi pepurasitiki panguva yekugadziriswa, kuderedza simba rekunamatira pakati pepurasitiki nesimbi, uye kuderedza mechanical shear simba, nekudaro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekugadziriswa nyore nyore pasina kukuvadza zvinhu zvepurasitiki. Mafuta emukati anogona kuderedza kukweshera kwemukati kwemapolymer, kuwedzera kunyunguduka uye kunyunguduka kwemapurasitiki, kuderedza kunyunguduka kwemeso, uye kunatsiridza kuita kwepurasitiki.
Musiyano pakati pemafuta emukati nekunze: Mafuta emukati anoda kuenderana kwakanaka nemapolymers, kuderedza kukwesha pakati pemacheni emamorekuru, uye kunatsiridza kuyerera kwekuita; Uye mafuta ekunze anoda imwe dhigirii yekuenderana nemapolymers kuti aderedze kupokana pakati pemapolima nenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa.
22. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinotarisa ukuru hwekusimbisa simba rekuzadza?
Mhinduro: Hukuru hwesimba rekusimbisa hunoenderana nechimiro chikuru chepurasitiki pachayo, huwandu hwezvimedu zvekuzadza, iyo chaiyo nzvimbo uye saizi, chiitiko chepamusoro, saizi yechikamu uye kugovera, chimiro chechikamu, uye kuunganidzwa uye kupararira kwezvikamu mukati. polymers. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kupindirana pakati pechizadziso uye chiratidziro chakaumbwa nemacheni epolymer, ayo anosanganisira masimba emuviri kana kemikari anoitwa nechikamu chepamusoro pamacheni epolymer, pamwe nekristaro uye kutaridzika kwecheni dzepolymer. mukati meiyo interface layer.
23. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa simba remapurasitiki akasimbiswa?
Mhinduro: ① Simba remumiriri wekusimbisa rinosarudzwa kuti rizadzise zvinodiwa; ② Simba remapolymers ekutanga anogona kusangana kuburikidza nekusarudzwa uye kugadziridzwa kwemapolymers; ③ Kubatana kwepamusoro pakati peplasticizers nemapolymer akakosha; ④ Zvishandiso zvesangano zvekusimbisa zvinhu.
24. Chii chinonzi coupling agent, chimiro chayo chemolecular chimiro, uye muenzaniso wekuratidza nzira yekuita.
Mhinduro: Coupling agents anoreva rudzi rwechinhu chinogona kuvandudza chimiro chechimiro pakati pemafirita uye polymer zvinhu.
Kune marudzi maviri emapoka ekushanda muhutano hwayo hwema molecular: munhu anogona kupinda maitiro emakemikari ne polymer matrix kana kuti ane kuenderana kwakanaka; Imwe mhando inogona kugadzira zvisungo zvemakemikari nemainorganic fillers. Semuyenzaniso, silane coupling agent, iyo general formula inogona kunyorwa seRSiX3, uko R iboka rinoshanda rinoshanda rine affinity uye reactivity nemapolymer molecules, senge vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, uye thiol mapoka. X iboka re alkoxy rinogona kuve hydrolyzed, senge methoxy, ethoxy, nezvimwe.
25. Chii chinonzi furo?
Mhinduro: Foaming agent imhando yechinhu chinogona kuumba microporous chimiro cherabha kana purasitiki mumvura kana purasitiki mukati meimwe viscosity renji.
Physical foaming agent: rudzi rwemukomboni unozadzikisa zvibodzwa zvekupupa nekuvimba nekushanduka kwechimiro chayo chemuviri panguva yekupupa furo;
Chemical foaming agent: Pane imwe tembiricha, inowora nemafuta kuburitsa imwe kana mamwe magasi, zvichikonzera kupupa kwepolymer.
26. Ndeapi maitiro emakemikari emakemikari uye organic chemistry mukuora kweanopupa?
Mhinduro: Zvakanakira uye kuipa kweiyo organic foaming agents: ① yakanaka dispersibility mumapolima; ② The decomposition tembiricha renji yakamanikana uye nyore kudzora; ③ Iyo inogadzirwa N2 gasi haipisi, inoputika, inonyungudika nyore, ine mwero wakaderera wekupararira, uye haisi nyore kutiza kubva mufuro, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwenguo; ④ Madiki madiki anokonzeresa madiki furo pores; ⑤ Kune mhando dzakawanda; ⑥ Mushure mekupupa, pane zvakawanda zvakasara, dzimwe nguva kusvika 70% -85%. Zvisaririra izvi dzimwe nguva zvinogona kukonzera kunhuwa, kusvibisa zvinhu zvepolymer, kana kuburitsa chando chepamusoro; ⑦ Panguva yekuora, inowanzoita exothermic reaction. Kana kupisa kwekuparara kweiyo furo rinoshandiswa rakanyanya kukwira, kunogona kukonzera tembiricha yakakura mukati nekunze kweiyo furo system panguva yekuputira furo, dzimwe nguva zvichikonzera kupisa kwemukati kwakanyanya uye kukuvadza muviri nemakemikari zvimiro zvepolymer Organic foaming agents. zvinhu zvinopisa zvinopisa, uye kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kudzivirira moto panguva yekuchengetedza uye kushandiswa.
27. Chii chinonzi masterbatch color?
Mhinduro: Iyo yakaunganidzwa yakagadzirwa neyakafanana kurodha super inogara pigment kana dhayi muresin; Basic components: pigments kana dhayi, vatakuri, dispersants, additives; Basa: ① Inobatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemakemikari uye kugadzikana kwemavara epigment; ② Kuvandudza dispersibility ye pigment mumapurasitiki; ③ Chengetedza hutano hwevashandisi; ④ Maitiro akareruka uye nyore kutendeuka kwemavara; ⑤ Mhoteredzo yakachena uye haisvibisi midziyo; ⑥ Chengetedza nguva uye zvigadzirwa.
28. Simba rekupenda rinorevei?
Mhinduro: Iko kugona kwemavara kukanganisa ruvara rwemusanganiswa wese nemuvara wavo; Kana maajenti ekupenda achishandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki, simba ravo rekufukidza rinoreva kugona kwavo kudzivirira mwenje kupinda muchigadzirwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-11-2024