1. Chii chinonzipolimaRubatsiro rwekugadzirisa? Basa rayo nderei?
Mhinduro: Zvinowedzerwa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoda kuwedzerwa kune zvimwe zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa mukugadzirwa kana kugadziriswa kwezvinhu kuti zvivandudze maitiro ekugadzira uye kuwedzera mashandiro ezvigadzirwa. Mukugadzirisa maresini nerabha isina kugadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki nerabha, makemikari akasiyana-siyana anobatsira anodiwa.
Basa: ① Kuvandudza mashandiro emapolymers, kugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa, uye kupa mashandiro ekugadzirisa; ② Kuvandudza mashandiro ezvigadzirwa, kuwedzera kukosha kwazvo uye hupenyu hwazvo.
2. Chii chinoenderana pakati pezvinhu zvinowedzerwa uye mapolymers? Chii chinorehwa nekupfapfaidza nekudikitira?
Mhinduro: Kupfapfaidza polymerization – kunayisa zvinowedzerwa zvakasimba; Kudikitira – kunayisa zvinowedzerwa mumvura.
Kuenderana pakati pezvinowedzera uye mapolymer kunoreva kugona kwezvinowedzera uye mapolymer kusanganiswa zvakafanana kwenguva yakareba pasina kuparadzanisa uye kunaya kwemvura;
3. Basa remapurasitiki nderei?
Mhinduro: Kuderedza simba rekubatana kwechipiri pakati pemamorekuru epolymer, anozivikanwa se van der Waals forces, kunowedzera kufamba kwemaketani epolymer uye kunoderedza kukora kwawo.
4. Sei polystyrene iine resistance iri nani yekuoxidation pane polypropylene?
Mhinduro: H isina kugadzikana inotsiviwa neboka guru rephenyl, uye chikonzero nei PS isingakurumidzi kukwegura ndechekuti ring yebenzene ine simba rekudzivirira H; PP ine hydrogen yepamusoro uye inokurumidza kukwegura.
5. Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekudziisa kwePVC kusina kugadzikana?
Mhinduro: ① Maumbirwo echeni yemamorekuru ane maresidues ekutanga uye allyl chloride, izvo zvinomutsa mapoka anoshanda. Bond rekupedzisira reboka rinodzikisa kugadzikana kwekupisa; ② Simba reokisijeni rinokurumidza kubviswa kweHCL panguva yekuora kwekupisa kwePVC; ③ Iyo HCl inogadzirwa nemhinduro ine simba rekugadzirisa kuora kwePVC; ④ Simba remushonga weplasticizer.
6. Zvichibva pane zvakabuda muongororo dziri kuitwa, ndeapi mabasa makuru ezvidziviriri zvekupisa?
Mhinduro: ① Nyora uye bvisa HCL, dzivisa otomatiki catalytic effect yayo; ② Kutsiva maatomu asina kugadzikana eallyl chloride mumamorekuru ePVC kudzivirira kubviswa kweHCl; ③ Kuwedzera maitiro ane polyene structures kunokanganisa kuumbwa kwemasystem makuru akabatana uye kuderedza ruvara; ④ Kubata mafree radicals uye kudzivirira oxidation reactions; ⑤ Kusagadzikana kana kupfuudzwa kwemaion esimbi kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinokonzera kuora; ⑥ Ine mhedzisiro inodzivirira, inochengetedza, uye inoshayisa simba pamwaranzi ye ultraviolet.
7. Sei mwaranzi ye ultraviolet iriyo inonyanya kuparadza ma polymers?
Mhinduro: Mafungu eUltraviolet akareba uye ane simba, achityora mabhondi akawanda emakemikari epolymer.
8. Ndeipi mhando yesystem yekubatana inoshandiswa ne intumescent flame retardant, uye chii chinonyanya kukosha uye basa rayo?
Mhinduro: Zvinodzora moto mukati memuviri ndezve phosphorus nitrogen synergistic system.
Maitiro: Kana polymer ine chinodzivirira moto yapiswa, furo recarbon rakafanana rinogona kuumbwa pamusoro paro. Dura racho rinodzivirira moto zvakanaka nekuda kwekudzivirira kupisa, kupatsanurwa kweokisijeni, kudzvinyirirwa kweutsi uye kudzivirira madonhwe emvura.
9. Chii chinonzi oxygen index, uye hukama huripo pakati pehukuru hwe oxygen index nekunonoka kwemurazvo?
Mhinduro: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, apo O2 ndiyo mwero wekuyerera kweokisijeni; N2: Mwero wekuyerera kwenitrogen. Okisijeni indekisi inoreva huwandu hushoma hweokisijeni hunodiwa mumhepo inoyerera musanganiswa weokisijeni yenitrogen kana imwe sample yemhando inogona kutsva nguva dzose uye zvishoma nezvishoma sekenduru. OI<21 inobvira, OI ine 22-25 ine hunhu hwekudzima moto, 26-27 inonetsa kubatidza, uye pamusoro pe28 inonetsa zvikuru kubatidza.
10. Sisitimu yemurazvo inodzivisa moto ye antimony halide inoratidza sei mhedzisiro inoshanda pamwe chete?
Mhinduro: Sb2O3 inowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira antimony, nepo organic halides ichinyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira halides. Sb2O3/machine inoshandiswa nehalides kunyanya nekuda kwekubatana kwayo nehydrogen halide inoburitswa nehalides.
Uye chigadzirwa chacho chinosanganiswa nekupisa kuita SbCl3, inova gasi rinoputika rine poindi shoma yekufashaira. Gasi iri rine huwandu hwakawanda uye rinogona kugara munzvimbo inobvira kwenguva yakareba kuti rideredze magasi anobvira, riparadzanise mhepo, uye riite basa rekuvharira maolefin; Chechipiri, rinogona kubata mafree radicals anobvira kuti adzivise moto. Pamusoro pezvo, SbCl3 inoungana kuita madonhwe akaita sezvimedu zvakasimba pamusoro pemoto, uye madziro ayo anoparadzira kupisa kwakawanda, zvichideredza kana kumisa kumhanya kwemoto. Kazhinji, chiyero che3:1 chakakodzera maatomu echlorine nesimbi.
11. Maererano netsvagurudzo yazvino, ndeapi maitiro ekushanda kwezvinodzivisa moto?
Mhinduro: ① Zvigadzirwa zvinoora zvezvinodzivisa moto pakupisa kwekutsva zvinoumba firimu regirazi risingachinji uye risingaoxidizing, rinogona kuparadzanisa simba remhepo kana kuti rive nemhepo shoma inofambisa kupisa.
② Zvinodzora moto zvinoparara nekupisa kuti zvigadzire magasi asingabatike, nokudaro zvichideredza magasi anobvira uye zvichideredza huwandu hweokisijeni munzvimbo inotsva; ③ Kunyungudika nekuora kwezvinodzora moto zvinotora kupisa uye zvinopedza kupisa;
④ Zvinodzora moto zvinosimudzira kuumbwa kwechikamu chinopinza kupisa pamusoro pepurasitiki, zvichidzivirira kupisa kuti kusapfuure uye kutsva zvakare.
12. Sei mapurasitiki achinyanya kubatwa nemagetsi asingachinji panguva yekugadzirisa kana kushandisa?
Mhinduro: Nekuda kwekuti macheni emamorekuru epolymer huru anowanzo umbwa nema covalent bonds, haakwanise kuita ioni kana kutamisa maerekitironi. Munguva yekugadzirisa nekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvayo, painosangana nezvimwe zvinhu kana payo pachayo, inochajwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kana kurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi, uye zvinonetsa kunyangarika kuburikidza nekuzvifambisa.
13. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemamorekuru emishonga inodzivirira static?
Mhinduro: RYX R: boka re oleophilic, Y: boka re linker, X: boka re hydrophilic. Mumamorekuru avo, panofanira kuva nekuenzana kwakakodzera pakati peboka re non-polar oleophilic neboka re polar hydrophilic, uye vanofanira kunge vaine hukama hwakati kuti nezvinhu zve polymer. Mapoka eAlkyl ari pamusoro peC12 ndiwo mapoka e oleophilic akajairika, nepo hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, uye ether bonds ari mapoka e hydrophilic akajairika.
14. Tsanangura muchidimbu mashandiro anoita mishonga inodzivirira static.
Mhinduro: Chekutanga, mishonga inodzivirira static inoumba firimu rinoenderera mberi pamusoro pechinhu chacho, iro rinogona kupa pamusoro pechigadzirwa mwero we hygroscopicity uye ionization, nokudaro richideredza resistivity yepamusoro uye zvichiita kuti static charges dzinogadzirwa dzibude nekukurumidza, kuitira kuti chinangwa che anti-static chibudirire; Chechipiri ndechekupa pamusoro pechinhu chacho mwero we lubrication, kuderedza friction coefficient, uye nokudaro kudzvinyirira nekuderedza kugadzirwa kwestatic charges.
① Mishonga yekunze inodzivirira static inowanzo shandiswa sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa kana zvinoparadzira mvura, doro, kana zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zve organic. Pakushandisa mishonga yekudzivirira static kunyudza zvinhu zve polymer, chikamu chinonyungudutsa chemushonga wekudzivirira static chinonyungudutsa zvakasimba pamusoro pechinhu chacho, uye chikamu chinonyungudutsa che hydrophilic chinonyungudutsa mvura kubva mumhepo, nokudaro zvichiita kuti pave nechikamu chinofambisa mvura pamusoro pechinhu chacho, icho chinoita basa rekubvisa magetsi asingachinji;
② Mushonga wemukati unorwisa static unosanganiswa mu polymer matrix panguva yekugadzirisa mapurasitiki, wobva watama uchienda pamusoro pe polymer kuti uite basa rekurwisa static;
③ Mushonga unodzivirira static wakasanganiswa nepolymer inzira yekusanganisa mapolymer anofema kuita polymer kuti agadzire nzira dzinofambisa nekuburitsa static charges.
15. Ndezvipi zvinowanzoitika muchimiro uye hunhu hwerabha mushure mekuumbwa kwerabha?
Mhinduro: ① Rabha rakanyungudutswa rachinja kubva pachimiro chemutsetse kuenda pachimiro chenetwork chemativi matatu; ② Kupisa hakuchanyunguduki; ③ Hachichanyunguduki muchinhu chayo chakanaka chinonyungudutsa; ④ Modulus nekuomarara kwacho kwavandudzika; ⑤ Hunhu hwemakanika hwavandudzika; ⑥ Kusagona kukwegura kwavandudzika uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari; ⑦ Kushanda kwechinhu ichi kunogona kudzikira.
16. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pesulfure sulfide nesulfure donor sulfide?
Mhinduro: ① Kubatanidzwa kwesarufa: Zvisungo zvakawanda zvesarufa, kuramba kupisa, kuramba kukwegura zvakanaka, kuchinjika kwakanaka, uye kuchinja kukuru kunogara kwenguva refu; ② Mupi wesarufa: Zvisungo zvakawanda zvesarufa, kuramba kupisa zvakanaka uye kuramba kukwegura.
17. Chii chinoitwa nemushandi wekusimudzira vulcanization?
Mhinduro: Kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwezvigadzirwa zverabha, kuderedza mitengo, uye kuvandudza mashandiro. Zvinhu zvinogona kukurudzira vulcanization. Zvinogona kupfupisa nguva ye vulcanization, kuderedza tembiricha ye vulcanization, kuderedza huwandu hwe vulcanizing agent, uye kuvandudza hunhu hwemuviri uye hwemakanika hwerabha.
18. Chiitiko chekutsva: zvinoreva chiitiko chekupwanywa kwerabha pakutanga panguva yekugadzirisa.
19. Tsanangura muchidimbu basa uye mhando huru dzezvinhu zvinokuvadza
Mhinduro: Basa remushandi wemagetsi nderekuwedzera mashandiro emushandi wemagetsi, kuderedza huwandu hwemushandi wemagetsi, uye kupfupisa nguva yekushanda kwemagetsi.
Mushonga unoshanda: chinhu chinogona kuwedzera mashandiro ezvishandiso zve organic accelerator, zvichivabvumira kushandisa simba ravo zvizere, nokudaro zvichideredza huwandu hwezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kana kupfupisa nguva ye vulcanization. Zvishandiso zvinoshanda zvinowanzo kamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: zvinhu zvinoshanda zvisina organic uye zvinhu zvinoshanda zve organic. Zvishandiso zvisingashande zve organic zvinosanganisira metal oxides, hydroxides, uye basic carbonates; Zvishandiso zve organic zvinosanganisira mafuta acids, amines, sipo, polyols, uye amino alcohols. Kuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwe activator kune rabha compound kunogona kuvandudza mwero wayo we vulcanization.
1) Zvinhu zvisina makemikari: kunyanya maokisijeni esimbi;
2) Zvinhu zvinoshanda zve organic: kunyanya mafuta acids.
Cherechedza: ① ZnO inogona kushandiswa sesimbi oxide vulcanizing agent kuti isanganise rabha ine halogenated; ② ZnO inogona kuvandudza kupisa kwerabha ine vulcanized.
20. Ndezvipi zvinokonzeresa kumhanyisa zvinhu uye ndeapi marudzi ekukurudzira zvinhu ane zvinokonzeresa kumhanyisa zvinhu zvakanaka?
Mhinduro: Kana tembiricha ye vulcanization iri pasi pe vulcanization, hazvizokonzere vulcanization nekukurumidza. Kana tembiricha ye vulcanization yasvika, basa re vulcanization rinokwira, uye hunhu uhwu hunonzi post effect ye accelerator. Sulfonamides ine mhedzisiro yakanaka ye post.
21. Tsanangudzo yemafuta ekuzora uye musiyano uripo pakati pemafuta emukati neekunze?
Mhinduro: Mafuta anozora – chinhu chinowedzera kukweshana uye kunamira pakati pezvidimbu zvepurasitiki uye pakati pekunyunguduka nesimbi pamusoro pemidziyo yekugadzirisa, kuwedzera kuyerera kweresin, kuwana nguva yekugadzirisa resin, uye kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kunogara kuripo, chinonzi mafuta anozora.
Mafuta ekunze anogona kuwedzera kunyorova kwepurasitiki panguva yekugadzirisa, kuderedza simba rekunamatira pakati pepurasitiki nesimbi, uye kuderedza simba rekuchekerera, nokudaro zvichizadzisa chinangwa chekuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa pasina kukuvadza hunhu hwepurasitiki. Mafuta emukati anogona kuderedza kukweshana kwemukati kwemapolymers, kuwedzera mwero wekunyunguduka uye kuchinjika kwemapurasitiki, kuderedza kunyunguduka, uye kuvandudza mashandiro epurasitiki.
Musiyano uripo pakati pemafuta emukati neekunze: Mafuta emukati anoda kuenderana zvakanaka nemapolymer, anoderedza kukweshana pakati pemaketani emamorekuru, uye anovandudza mashandiro ekufamba; Uye mafuta ekunze anoda kuenderana kwakati nepolymers kuderedza kukweshana pakati pemapolymer nenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nemuchina.
22. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinosarudza hukuru hwesimba rekusimbisa remafillers?
Mhinduro: Hukuru hwesimba rekusimbisa hunoenderana nechimiro chikuru chepurasitiki pachayo, huwandu hwezvimedu zvekuzadza, nzvimbo chaiyo yekumusoro nehukuru, basa repamusoro, saizi yezvikamu uye kugoverwa, chimiro chechikamu, uye kuunganidzwa uye kupararira kwezvikamu mumapolymer. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekubatana pakati pekuzadza nechikamu chekubatanidza chinoumbwa nemacheni epolymer epolymer, ayo anosanganisira masimba emuviri kana emakemikari anoshandiswa nechikamu pamusoro pecheni dzepolymer, pamwe nekukwenenzverwa uye kurongeka kwecheni dzepolymer mukati mechikamu chekubatanidza.
23. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa kusimba kwemapurasitiki akasimbiswa?
Mhinduro: ① Simba remushonga unosimbisa rinosarudzwa kuti rienderane nezvinodiwa; ② Simba remapolymer ekutanga rinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekusarudza nekushandura mapolymer; ③ Kubatana kwepamusoro pakati pemaplasticizer nemapolymer ekutanga; ④ Zvinhu zvesangano zvekusimbisa zvinhu.
24. Chii chinonzi coupling agent, maitiro ayo emamorekuru, uye muenzaniso unoratidza mashandiro ekuita.
Mhinduro: Zvinobatanidza zvinoreva rudzi rwechinhu chinogona kuvandudza hunhu hwekubatana pakati pezvinozadza nezvinhu zvepolymer.
Kune mhando mbiri dzemapoka anoshanda muchimiro chayo chemamorekuru: imwe inogona kusangana nemakemikari nepolymer matrix kana kuti ingave nekubatana kwakanaka; Imwe mhando inogona kuumba mabhondi emakemikari ane inorganic fillers. Semuenzaniso, silane coupling agent, fomura yakajairika inogona kunyorwa seRSiX3, uko R iri boka rinoshanda rinoshanda rine hukama uye reactivity nemamorekuru epolymer, akadai sevinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, uye thiol groups. X iboka realkoxy rinogona kunyungudika, senge methoxy, ethoxy, nezvimwewo.
25. Chii chinonzi furo rinoburitsa furo?
Mhinduro: Furo chinhu chinogona kugadzira rabha kana purasitiki ine maburi madiki kana kuti ine purasitiki mukati memhando ye viscosity.
Mushonga wekufema: rudzi rwemusanganiswa unozadzisa zvinangwa zvekuburitsa furo nekuvimba nekuchinja kwemamiriro aro emuviri panguva yekuburitsa furo;
Mushonga wemakemikari unofuro: Pakupisa kwakati, unoora nekupisa kuti ugadzire gasi rimwe chete kana kupfuura, zvichikonzera furo repolymer.
26. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvekemikari isina organic uye kemikari yeorganic mukuora kwezvinokonzera furo?
Mhinduro: Zvakanakira uye zvakaipa zvezvinhu zvinogadzira furo: ① kupararira kwakanaka mumapolymers; ② Kupisa kwekuora kwakamanikana uye kuri nyore kudzora; ③ Gasi reN2 rinogadzirwa haripisi, hariputike, harinyungudike nyore, rine mwero wakaderera wekupararira, uye harisi nyore kutiza kubva mufuro, zvichikonzera mwero wepamusoro wejasi; ④ Zvidimbu zvidiki zvinokonzera maburi madiki efuro; ⑤ Kune mhando dzakawanda; ⑥ Mushure mekubuda furo, pane masara akawanda, dzimwe nguva anosvika 70% -85%. Masara aya dzimwe nguva anogona kukonzera kunhuhwirira, kusvibisa zvinhu zvepolymer, kana kugadzira chando pamusoro; ⑦ Munguva yekuora, inowanzova exothermic reaction. Kana kupisa kwekuora kwechinhu chinopupuma furo chinoshandiswa kwakanyanya, zvinogona kukonzera kupisa kukuru mukati nekunze kwesystem yekupupuma furo panguva yekupupuma furo, dzimwe nguva zvichikonzera kupisa kwakanyanya mukati uye kukuvadza hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari epolymer. Zvinhu zvinopupuma furo zveOrganic zvinonyanya kutsva, uye kungwarira kunofanirwa kupihwa kudzivirira moto panguva yekuchengetedza nekushandisa.
27. Chii chinonzi masterbatch yemavara?
Mhinduro: Imhando yakagadzirwa nekupinza mavara kana madhayi akafanana mu resin; Zvikamu zvepakutanga: mavara kana madhayi, zvinotakura, zvinoparadzira, zvinowedzera; Basa: ① Rinobatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemakemikari uye kugadzikana kwemavara emavara; ② Kuvandudza kupararira kwemavara mumapurasitiki; ③ Kudzivirira hutano hwevashandisi; ④ Maitiro ari nyore uye kushandura mavara zviri nyore; ⑤ Nzvimbo yakachena uye haisvibisi midziyo; ⑥ Chengetedza nguva nezvinhu zvakabikwa.
28. Simba rekupenda rinorevei?
Mhinduro: Kugona kwemavara ekugadzira ruvara kuchinja ruvara rwemusanganiswa wese neruvara rwawo; Kana mavara ekugadzira ruvara achishandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki, simba rawo rekufukidza rinoreva kugona kwawo kudzivirira chiedza kuti chisapinde muchigadzirwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-11-2024